The Republican Party has reclaimed control of the United States Senate, ending two years of Democratic leadership.
Tuesday’s general election saw a third of the upper chamber in Congress — or 34 seats — hit the ballot, of which approximately nine were competitive.
The Democrats were vulnerable to losing their grip on the chamber, given their narrow majority. A coalition of four independent senators and 47 Democrats gave the party its 51-person majority, out of a total of 100 possible seats.
The party needed to defend every seat possible to retain control.
But on Tuesday, two key defeats decisively put the power over the Senate back in Republican hands.
Democratic incumbent Sherrod Brown lost his bid for re-election in the midwestern state of Ohio. Meanwhile, in West Virginia, Republicans picked up a seat formerly held by retiring independent Senator Joe Manchin.
The Republican Party also successfully defended a vulnerable seat in Texas, held by Senator Ted Cruz. Tuesday was Cruz’s second time beating back a Democratic contender angling to take his seat.
Meanwhile, in Nebraska, another Republican incumbent Deb Fischer fended off an upstart challenge from independent candidate Dan Osborn, who made the race a nailbiter in its final weeks.
The shift in control over the Senate could pave the way for Republicans to hold both chambers in Congress, which would give the party power over the legislative agenda for at least the next two years.
It also grants Republicans significant sway over nominations for the Supreme Court, the presidential cabinet, ambassadorships and other federal positions that the president nominates.
Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump remarked on the chamber’s flip in his election night remarks from West Palm Beach, Florida, in the early hours of Wednesday.
“We have taken back control of the Senate. Wow,” Trump said. “I mean, the number of victories in the Senate was absolutely incredible.”
“Nobody expected that. Nobody. So I just wanted to thank you very much for that. You have some great senators and some great new senators.”
What happened?
Tuesday’s race to maintain the Senate was always an uphill battle for Democrats.
Under the US Constitution, the Senate has a staggered process for shaking up its ranks: Only a third of the chamber is up for re-election at any given point.
Senators serve a six-year term — much longer than the two years awarded to their counterparts in the House of Representatives. That makes each seat all the more precious.
In 2021, two run-off elections in Georgia gave Democrats their first lead in the chamber since 2011.
Then, in 2022, the midterm elections resulted in a surprise yet again. While Republicans were expected to grab the lead in the Senate, they fell short when a predicted “red wave” failed to materialise.
Fast forward to 2024, and the Democrats were on the defensive. Seven of the nine toss-up races for the Senate were held by Democrats. By contrast, only two Republicans — Cruz and Fischer — were considered vulnerable.
In short, the Democrats had more to lose.
West Virginia, the first to fall
West Virginia has long been a Republican stronghold, which made the retiring Senator Manchin something of a unicorn.
Since 2000, the Appalachian state has consistently voted Republican in presidential races by healthy margins.
But Manchin — a moderate Democrat before switching to his present independent status — had been a unifying figure in the state.
The announcement in November 2023 that he would retire opened up a tantalising fight for Republicans.
Governor Jim Justice, a Democrat turned Republican, quickly threw his hat into the ring. He won the governor’s mansion in West Virginia in 2016, the same year Republican Donald Trump took the White House, leading a wave of “outsider” candidates.
On Tuesday night, Justice — known for campaigning with a pudgy bulldog named Baby Dog — handily defeated Glenn Elliott, the Democratic mayor of the city of Wheeling.
A mighty tumble in Ohio
The defeat of three-term Democratic Senator Brown in Ohio was much more unexpected.
Ohio had, until recent years, been perceived as a swing state in the industrial Rust Belt region of the US. But as the state leaned rightwards, Democratic leaders like Brown faced increasing threats to their positions.
By 2024, Brown was the only Democrat left holding a statewide position in Ohio.
On Tuesday, he tried to win a fourth term over Republican car dealer Bernie Moreno, a Colombian immigrant who gained Trump’s endorsement.
Brown played up his progressive bona fides and hammered Moreno over abortion policy. He also framed himself as a politician willing to stand up to power, no matter the party.
“I’ve stood up to presidents in both parties,” he told local media on the campaign trail.
Moreno, meanwhile, bashed Brown as a “radical Democrat” who was lax on immigration.
In his Election Night victory speech, Moreno played up his patriotism — and echoed Trump’s call for “America First” policies.
“Today starts a new wave. We talked about wanting a red wave. I think what we have tonight is a red, white and blue wave in this country,” Moreno said.
“Because what we need in the United States of America is leaders in Washington, DC, that actually put the interests of American citizens above all else. We’re tired of being treated like second-class citizens in our own country.”
Al Jazeera correspondent Kristen Saloomey underscored how big of a loss Ohio was for Democrats in the Senate.
“Ohio is the big flip here. This is the one that really hurt the Democrats,” she said on Election Night. “It was a really expensive race.”
Nebraska, less of a surprise
Located in the central prairies of the US, Nebraska has a reputation for electing Republican leaders. While it splits its Electoral College votes among its districts, not since 1964 has a majority of its Electoral College votes gone to a Democrat for president.
That Republican incumbent Fischer won re-election on Tuesday was expected. What was less anticipated was the close race she faced in the final weeks of her campaign.
A former school board member, Fischer had already served two terms in the Senate when she announced her re-election bid. But the entry of Osborn, a navy veteran and union leader, into the race upended her cruise to victory.
Osborn rejected an offered endorsement from the Democratic Party during his campaign and pledged to remain staunchly independent in his politics if elected.
He even declined to say whether he would caucus with the Republicans or Democrats if he reached the Senate.
That made him a cipher in the race — one that disillusioned Republicans could rally behind. He surged in the polls, trailing Fischer by mere percentage points in the waning weeks of the race.
But Fischer sought to portray Osborn as the “same old Democrat BS” and “just a different DC puppet”, as one campaign advertisement put it. She also accused him of being soft on immigration, a common rallying cry for Republicans this election cycle.
“Nebraska wasn’t really surprising,” Saloomey said of the race, though she acknowledged Osborn “made it close”.
Cruz survives in Texas
Texas has long been stubbornly Republican, and just as stubborn in holding onto his Senate seat is right-wing firebrand Ted Cruz.
First elected to the Senate in 2012, Cruz became the first Latino from Texas in Congress’s upper chamber. He was also a prominent member of the far-right Tea Party movement.
Democrats have failed to win a statewide vote in Texas since 1994. But that does not mean the party has not tried — and Cruz has often been in its crosshairs.
During his first re-election bid in 2018, Cruz faced a well-funded charismatic Democratic challenger in former US Representative Beto O’Rourke. Despite a backlash against the far right in the midst of Trump’s first term in office, Cruz squeaked out a victory over O’Rourke.
In 2024, Cruz was in the hunt for a third term, and once again, Democrats sought to rattle him.
This time, they put forward US Representative Colin Allred, a civil rights lawyer and former American football player for the Tennessee Titans. Once again, they fell short.
“God be the glory,” Cruz said in his victory speech on Tuesday. “Tonight is an incredible night, a huge victory here in Texas.”
He also thanked “all the Democrats across Texas who crossed over and supported my campaign”.
“To all of those who didn’t support me, you have my word that I will fight for you, for your jobs, for your safety and for your constitutional rights.”